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The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish language: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. Under Constitution of Argentina, the President is also the Head of government of the Politics of Argentina and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.

Through Argentine history, the office of the Head of State has undergone many changes, both in its title as in its features and powers. The current President is Néstor Kirchner, who was inaugurated in his office on May 25, 2003.

Features of the office Requirements during his inaugurationArticle 89 of the Argentine Constitution establishes the requirements one must meet in order to become President. The President must be a natural-born citizen of the country, or have been born to Argentine citizens, in the case of being born abroad. The remaining requirements, the article establishes, are the same requirements for becoming a Argentine Senate.

Before the last 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution, another requirement was that the President had to be a baptized Roman Catholic Church, but it is no longer in force.

Presidential Elections The current method for electing the President is by popular vote. The former method (established by the Constitution in 1853 and re-established by the amendment of 1957) was of election by means of an Electoral College. The amendment of 1949 established popular election for the first time, and the last amendment of 1994 re-established it.

Presidential powers Among the most important powers of the President, are the faculties of managing the country's foreign relations, present law proposals to Argentine National Congress, appoint members of the Supreme Court of Argentina and issue presidential decrees.

Former faculties included appointing the full of the federal judiciary (amended in 1994) and appointing Roman Catholic Church bishops (a power which was resigned by the signing of a concordat with the Holy See in 1966). After the establishment of Buenos Aires as federal capital city in 1880, it was a power of the President to appoint the Mayor of the city. This power was lost when, in the constitutional amendment of 1994, it was established that the capital city's citizens would elect their own authorities, which was done in 1996 with the first Mayor election.

Term duration Under the last constitutional amendment (1994), the President serves for four years, with a possibility of reelection for one more term.

Under the original text of 1853, the President served for six years, with no possibility of reelection. In the 1949 amendment, reelection for an indefinite number of terms was enabled (and disabled again in the 1957 amendment), and the authorities from the 1966 military coup promulgated a resolution establishing terms of four years during the 1970s (terms which were never completed because of the political instability of those days).

There had also been cases where the departing president shortened the duration of his or her term by some months, to provide for a more "serene" departure, making the next elected president be inaugurated earlier in office. This happened in the transition from Raúl Alfonsín to Carlos Menem in 1989, and from Eduardo Duhalde to Néstor Kirchner in 2003.

Succession The Constitution establishes in Article 88 that in case of death, resignation or destitution of the President, the office is exercised by the Vice-President for the rest of the term. In the case there is no Vice-President, the Congress decides on the succession.

The current succession mechanism is established by law of Congress, and establishes that the Provisional President of the Senate assumes as acting head of the executive branch, and in a few days the Congress assembles and elects a more permanent successor. It is also decided by Congress whether the elected President exercises the office for the rest of the term, or if early elections are called.

Presidential symbols and residence The. most important presidential symbols are the presidential sash and the presidential cane. The sash symbolizes continuity of the office, as the departing President takes it off and puts it on the inaugurating President, and has the colours of the Argentine flag. The cane symbolizes presidential power, and is a different cane for each holder of the office, usually manufactured by a prestigious goldsmith, although it is common for a President to choose to be inaugurated with the same cane of an illustrious former President.

(The "Pink House")

The presidential figure is associated with two famous,, residences: the Casa Rosada ("Pink House") and the Residencia Presidencial de Olivos ("Olivos Presidential Residence"). The Casa Rosada is the effective seat of government, located at the address of Balcarce 50, in the city of Buenos Aires centre. The Quinta, located in Olivos, Buenos Aires, province of Buenos Aires Province, is the residence of the President and his or her family.

Some newer presidential symbols, which do not yet qualify as traditional, are the presidential planes and helicopter. The most famous presidential airplane, known as "Tango 01" (a simile of United States of America Air Force One, owes its name to the denomination of T (pronounced tango in the NATO phonetic alphabet) for Transport, which creates an interesting word-game for the Argentine classical Tango music, known all over the world. The presidential helicopter is the usual mean of transport for the daily trip between the Quinta de Olivos and the Casa Rosada, and the other way round.

History of the Head of State office Pre-autonomous government The origins of Argentina as a nation can be traced to 1776, when the territory of the country was separated, by the King of Spain decision, from the existing Viceroyalty of Peru, creating the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Head of State continued to be the monarch, but it was represented locally by the designated Viceroy. These Viceroys where seldom natural-born in the country, so this period if considered of colonial dependence to Spain.

Early autonomous government With the Revolution in Buenos Aires on May 25, 1810, the first Autonomous entity, was formed by locals and was known as the Primera Junta. It was later known as the Junta Grande when representatives from the provinces joined it. These early attempts of self-government where succeeded by two triumvirates, and, although the first juntas had their President, the King of Spain was still regarded as Head of State (as independence had not yet been declared), and the executive power was not still in the hands of a single person.

This power began to be vested on one man when the figure of Director was created in the 1813 National Assembly. The different Directors became Head of State after Independence was declared in 1816, but they were not yet the head of a presidential system.

The Constitution of 1819 In 1819 the Congress assembled that had declared Independence, composed a Constitution. It established an executive figure, named Supreme Director, which was vested with presidential powers. This constitution was of unitarian style, and gave the Supreme Director the additional power of appointing the Governors of the provinces. This constitution, however, because of political circumstances, never came into force, and central power was dissolved, leaving the country as a federation of provinces.

The Constitution of 1826 A new constitutional drafting attempt was made in 1826. This constitution was the first to create the figure of President, although this office retained the unitarian powers described in the 1819 attempt. This constitution came into force, resulting in the election of the first President, Bernardino Rivadavia. Due to problems related to the Argentina-Brazil War, Rivadavia resigned after a short time, and the office was dissolved shortly after.

The Civil war A civil war between unitarios (unitarians, i. e. Buenos Aires centralists) and federales (Argentina) (federalists) ensued in the following decades. In this period, there was no central authority, and the closest figure to that was the Chairman of Foreign Relations, a title often vested on the Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires. The last to bear this title was Juan Manuel de Rosas, who in the last years of his governorship was elected as Supreme Chief of the Confederation, gaining the effective rule of the rest of the country.

The Constitution of 1853 In 1852 Rosas was deposed, and a constitutional convention was summoned. This new constitution, still in force to this date, established a national federal government, with the office of the President as is known today. The term was fixed to six years, with no possibility of reelection. The first elected President in this fashion was Justo José de Urquiza. Amid a brief dissolution of the office in 1860, the succession of Presidents ran smoothly into the 20th century, until it was interrupted by several coup d'états, creating a line of elected presidents mixed with de facto ones.

Military presidents Beginning in 1930, and later in 1943, 1955, 1963, 1966 and 1976, different military coups deposed the current President, elected by constitutional means. In the cases of 1966 and 1976, federal government was undertaken by a military junta, where power was shared by the chiefs of the three armed forces. In 1963, government wasn't undertaken by the military, but by the President of the Senate, and in the other cases, and also after the dissolution of the Juntas previously mentioned, a military chief assumed under the title of President.

It is subject of debate whether these military presidents can be titled Presidents at all, as it raises issues about the legitimacy of their respective governments. The position of the current Argentine government is that military Presidents Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri and Jorge Rafael Videla were explicitly not legitimate presidents. They, and their interim successors were denied the right to a presidential pension after the conclusion of their terms. The status of earlier military presidents, however, remains more uncertain.

Statistics

== The office of Vice-President ==

In the original 1853 constitution, the figure of the Vice-President was established for the sole purpose of providing for an unexpected issue of succession in an unfinished term. In the 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution, the Vice-President, as in other countries, was given the additional title of President of the Senate, making his role a more legislative than executive one, with the power to vote in the case of a tie in the assembly.

See also

External links

The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish language: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. Under Constitution of Argentina, the President is also the Head of government of the Politics of Argentina and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.

Through Argentine history, the office of the Head of State has undergone many changes, both in its title as in its features and powers. The current President is Néstor Kirchner, who was inaugurated in his office on May 25, 2003.

Features of the office Requirements during his inaugurationArticle 89 of the Argentine Constitution establishes the requirements one must meet in order to become President. The President must be a natural-born citizen of the country, or have been born to Argentine citizens, in the case of being born abroad. The remaining requirements, the article establishes, are the same requirements for becoming a Argentine Senate.

Before the last 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution, another requirement was that the President had to be a baptized Roman Catholic Church, but it is no longer in force.

Presidential Elections The current method for electing the President is by popular vote. The former method (established by the Constitution in 1853 and re-established by the amendment of 1957) was of election by means of an Electoral College. The amendment of 1949 established popular election for the first time, and the last amendment of 1994 re-established it.

Presidential powers Among the most important powers of the President, are the faculties of managing the country's foreign relations, present law proposals to Argentine National Congress, appoint members of the Supreme Court of Argentina and issue presidential decrees.

Former faculties included appointing the full of the federal judiciary (amended in 1994) and appointing Roman Catholic Church bishops (a power which was resigned by the signing of a concordat with the Holy See in 1966). After the establishment of Buenos Aires as federal capital city in 1880, it was a power of the President to appoint the Mayor of the city. This power was lost when, in the constitutional amendment of 1994, it was established that the capital city's citizens would elect their own authorities, which was done in 1996 with the first Mayor election.

Term duration Under the last constitutional amendment (1994), the President serves for four years, with a possibility of reelection for one more term.

Under the original text of 1853, the President served for six years, with no possibility of reelection. In the 1949 amendment, reelection for an indefinite number of terms was enabled (and disabled again in the 1957 amendment), and the authorities from the 1966 military coup promulgated a resolution establishing terms of four years during the 1970s (terms which were never completed because of the political instability of those days).

There had also been cases where the departing president shortened the duration of his or her term by some months, to provide for a more "serene" departure, making the next elected president be inaugurated earlier in office. This happened in the transition from Raúl Alfonsín to Carlos Menem in 1989, and from Eduardo Duhalde to Néstor Kirchner in 2003.

Succession The Constitution establishes in Article 88 that in case of death, resignation or destitution of the President, the office is exercised by the Vice-President for the rest of the term. In the case there is no Vice-President, the Congress decides on the succession.

The current succession mechanism is established by law of Congress, and establishes that the Provisional President of the Senate assumes as acting head of the executive branch, and in a few days the Congress assembles and elects a more permanent successor. It is also decided by Congress whether the elected President exercises the office for the rest of the term, or if early elections are called.

Presidential symbols and residence The. most important presidential symbols are the presidential sash and the presidential cane. The sash symbolizes continuity of the office, as the departing President takes it off and puts it on the inaugurating President, and has the colours of the Argentine flag. The cane symbolizes presidential power, and is a different cane for each holder of the office, usually manufactured by a prestigious goldsmith, although it is common for a President to choose to be inaugurated with the same cane of an illustrious former President.

(The "Pink House")

The presidential figure is associated with two famous,, residences: the Casa Rosada ("Pink House") and the Residencia Presidencial de Olivos ("Olivos Presidential Residence"). The Casa Rosada is the effective seat of government, located at the address of Balcarce 50, in the city of Buenos Aires centre. The Quinta, located in Olivos, Buenos Aires, province of Buenos Aires Province, is the residence of the President and his or her family.

Some newer presidential symbols, which do not yet qualify as traditional, are the presidential planes and helicopter. The most famous presidential airplane, known as "Tango 01" (a simile of United States of America Air Force One, owes its name to the denomination of T (pronounced tango in the NATO phonetic alphabet) for Transport, which creates an interesting word-game for the Argentine classical Tango music, known all over the world. The presidential helicopter is the usual mean of transport for the daily trip between the Quinta de Olivos and the Casa Rosada, and the other way round.

History of the Head of State office Pre-autonomous government The origins of Argentina as a nation can be traced to 1776, when the territory of the country was separated, by the King of Spain decision, from the existing Viceroyalty of Peru, creating the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The Head of State continued to be the monarch, but it was represented locally by the designated Viceroy. These Viceroys where seldom natural-born in the country, so this period if considered of colonial dependence to Spain.

Early autonomous government With the Revolution in Buenos Aires on May 25, 1810, the first Autonomous entity, was formed by locals and was known as the Primera Junta. It was later known as the Junta Grande when representatives from the provinces joined it. These early attempts of self-government where succeeded by two triumvirates, and, although the first juntas had their President, the King of Spain was still regarded as Head of State (as independence had not yet been declared), and the executive power was not still in the hands of a single person.

This power began to be vested on one man when the figure of Director was created in the 1813 National Assembly. The different Directors became Head of State after Independence was declared in 1816, but they were not yet the head of a presidential system.

The Constitution of 1819 In 1819 the Congress assembled that had declared Independence, composed a Constitution. It established an executive figure, named Supreme Director, which was vested with presidential powers. This constitution was of unitarian style, and gave the Supreme Director the additional power of appointing the Governors of the provinces. This constitution, however, because of political circumstances, never came into force, and central power was dissolved, leaving the country as a federation of provinces.

The Constitution of 1826 A new constitutional drafting attempt was made in 1826. This constitution was the first to create the figure of President, although this office retained the unitarian powers described in the 1819 attempt. This constitution came into force, resulting in the election of the first President, Bernardino Rivadavia. Due to problems related to the Argentina-Brazil War, Rivadavia resigned after a short time, and the office was dissolved shortly after.

The Civil war A civil war between unitarios (unitarians, i. e. Buenos Aires centralists) and federales (Argentina) (federalists) ensued in the following decades. In this period, there was no central authority, and the closest figure to that was the Chairman of Foreign Relations, a title often vested on the Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires. The last to bear this title was Juan Manuel de Rosas, who in the last years of his governorship was elected as Supreme Chief of the Confederation, gaining the effective rule of the rest of the country.

The Constitution of 1853 In 1852 Rosas was deposed, and a constitutional convention was summoned. This new constitution, still in force to this date, established a national federal government, with the office of the President as is known today. The term was fixed to six years, with no possibility of reelection. The first elected President in this fashion was Justo José de Urquiza. Amid a brief dissolution of the office in 1860, the succession of Presidents ran smoothly into the 20th century, until it was interrupted by several coup d'états, creating a line of elected presidents mixed with de facto ones.

Military presidents Beginning in 1930, and later in 1943, 1955, 1963, 1966 and 1976, different military coups deposed the current President, elected by constitutional means. In the cases of 1966 and 1976, federal government was undertaken by a military junta, where power was shared by the chiefs of the three armed forces. In 1963, government wasn't undertaken by the military, but by the President of the Senate, and in the other cases, and also after the dissolution of the Juntas previously mentioned, a military chief assumed under the title of President.

It is subject of debate whether these military presidents can be titled Presidents at all, as it raises issues about the legitimacy of their respective governments. The position of the current Argentine government is that military Presidents Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri and Jorge Rafael Videla were explicitly not legitimate presidents. They, and their interim successors were denied the right to a presidential pension after the conclusion of their terms. The status of earlier military presidents, however, remains more uncertain.

Statistics

== The office of Vice-President ==

In the original 1853 constitution, the figure of the Vice-President was established for the sole purpose of providing for an unexpected issue of succession in an unfinished term. In the 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution, the Vice-President, as in other countries, was given the additional title of President of the Senate, making his role a more legislative than executive one, with the power to vote in the case of a tie in the assembly.

See also

External links



President of Argentina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la Nación Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina.

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cristina Elisabet Fernández Wilhelm de Kirchner (born February 19, 1953), commonly known as Cristina Fernández or Cristina Kirchner, is an Argentine lawyer and politician from ...

The President of Tourism in Argentina awards the title Ambassador of ...
The President of Tourism in Argentina awards the title Ambassador of Tourism in England to Carlitos Gonzalez in recognition for his valuable work in promoting ...

BBC NEWS | Americas | Argentina's first lady wins poll
Cristina Kirchner, wife of Argentina's outgoing president, secures victory in the race to succeed him.

Number10.gov.uk » Press conference with Prime Minister Tony Blair and ...
Tuesday 4 February 2003 Press conference with Prime Minister Tony Blair and the President of Argentina [2/8/2001]

Calendar: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, President of Argentina
Thursday, September 25, 2008 12:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. Registration: 12:00 p.m. to 12:30 p.m. Presentation: 12:30 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. Waldorf Astoria 301 Park Avenue

President of the Republic of Lithuania - President Adamkus Arrives in ...
The President of Argentina will host an official lunch in honor of Valdas Adamkus. Mr. Adamkus will introduce to the leaders of Argentina the events that will be held across ...

Feminist Daily News 10/29/2007: Fernandez de Kirchner First Woman ...
Fernandez de Kirchner First Woman Elected President of Argentina . Argentine first lady Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner made history this weekend as the first ...

The President of Tourism in Argentina awards the title Ambassador of ...
Press & News . The President of Tourism in Argentina awards the title Ambassador of Tourism in England to Carlitos Gonzalez in recognition for his valuable work in promoting ...

BBC NEWS | Americas | Argentina swears in new president
Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner is sworn in as the first woman to be elected president of Argentina.

 

President Of Argentina



 
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